Eight undescribed guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones cicholosumins A-H and twelve known ones were isolated from the aerial parts of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss et Huet. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism, quantum chemical calculations and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 9α-hydroxy-3-deoxyzaluzanin C, epi-8α-angeloyloxycichoralexin, 8-O-methylsenecioylaustricin and lactucin showed strong anti-neuroinflammation activity with IC 50 values of 1.69 ± 0.11, 1.08 ± 0.23, 1.67 ± 0.28 and 1.82 ± 0.27 μM, respectively. The mechanism research indicated that epi-8α-angeloyloxycichoralexin inhibited neuroinflammation through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
Keyphrases
- lps induced
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- high resolution
- traumatic brain injury
- signaling pathway
- inflammatory response
- cognitive impairment
- molecular dynamics
- cerebral ischemia
- pi k akt
- oxidative stress
- molecular docking
- magnetic resonance
- solid state
- electronic health record
- molecular dynamics simulations
- density functional theory
- electron microscopy
- machine learning
- cell proliferation
- computed tomography
- monte carlo
- magnetic resonance imaging
- immune response
- crystal structure
- dual energy
- mass spectrometry
- subarachnoid hemorrhage