Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) continues to be an important cause for emergency room visits and carries significant morbidity and mortality. Early resuscitative measures form the basis of the management of patients presenting with UGIB and can improve the outcomes of such patients including lowering mortality. In this review, using an evidence-based approach, we discuss the initial assessment and resuscitation of patients presenting with UGIB including identifying clues from history and physical examination to confirm UGIB, preendoscopic risk assessment tools, the role of early fluid resuscitation, utilization of blood products, use of pharmacologic interventions, and the optimal timing of endoscopy.
Keyphrases
- cardiac arrest
- risk assessment
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- end stage renal disease
- healthcare
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- public health
- septic shock
- emergency department
- mental health
- prognostic factors
- heavy metals
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular events
- human health
- risk factors
- insulin resistance