Poly(ionic liquid)-Flocculated Chlorella Loading Bactericidal and Antioxidant Hydrogel as a Biological Hydrogen Therapy for Diabetic Wound Dressing.

Infection and oxidative stress seriously hinder the healing of diabetic wounds, resulting in various serious health and clinical problems. Herein, a sustainable biological hydrogen (H 2 )-producing hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel patch (HAP-Chl) was constructed by loading an imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) flocculated live Chlorella as a diabetic wound dressing. The PIL can flocculate Chlorella through electrostatic interactions between PIL and Chlorella to form Chlorella agglomerates, endowing the Chlorella in the central agglomerates with the ability to continuously produce H 2 for 24 h under mild conditions. Combining the membrane disruption-related bactericidal mechanism of PIL and the antioxidant properties of the produced H 2 , HAP-Chl was determined to be antibacterial and antioxidant. In addition to exhibiting biocompatible and nontoxic activities, subsequent Staphylococcus aureus -infected chronic wound studies revealed that HAP-Chl is capable of promoting the healing of chronic wounds by effectively killing bacteria, reducing extensive ROS, relieving inflammation, and promoting the deposition of mature collagen and angiogenesis. This study provides a new strategy for constructing an in situ sustainable H 2 -producing hydrogel, enabling the formation of novel antibacterial and antioxidant material platforms with potential for wound dressing applications.