Survey of Edible Amanita in Northern Thailand and Their Nutritional Value, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and α -Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities.

Edible wild mushrooms are extremely popular among consumers and are highly valued for their potential economic benefits in northern Thailand. In this present study, a total of 19 specimens of edible Amanita were collected during investigations of wild edible mushrooms in northern Thailand during the period from 2019 to 2022. Their morphological characteristics and the phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (nrLSU) of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II second-largest subunit ( rpb2 ) and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( tef-1 ) indicated that the collected specimens belonged to A . hemibapha , A . pseudoprinceps , A . rubromarginata , A . subhemibapha , and Amanita section Caesareae . This is the first report of A . pseudoprinceps and A . subhemibapha from Thailand. Full descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic placement of all specimens collected in this study are provided. Subsequently, the nutritional composition and total phenolic content, as well as the antioxidant and α -glucosidase inhibitory activities, of each species were investigated. The results indicate that the protein contents in both A . pseudoprinceps and A . subhemibapha were significantly higher than in A . hemibapha and A . rubromarginata . The highest total phenolic content was found in the extract of A . pseudoprinceps . In terms of antioxidant properties, the extract of A . pseudoprinceps also exhibited significantly high antioxidant activity by 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. However, the extract of A . rubromarginata had the lowest total phenolic content and level of antioxidant activity. Additionally, α -glucosidase inhibitory activity varied for different Amanita species and the highest level of α -glucosidase inhibitory activity was found in the extract of A . pseudoprinceps . This study provides valuable information on the nutrient content, phenolic content and the antioxidant and α -glucosidase inhibitory potential of edible Amanita species found in northern Thailand.