Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in NSCLC Immune Navigation and Proliferation.
Sowmya RamachandranAmit Kumar VermaKapil DevYamini GoyalDeepti BhattMohammed A AlsahliArshad Husain RahmaniAhmad A AlmatroudiSaleh A AlmatroodiFaris AlrumaihiNaushad Ahmad KhanPublished in: Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity (2021)
With over a million deaths every year around the world, lung cancer is found to be the most recurrent cancer among all types. Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) amounts to about 85% of the entire cases. The other 15% owes it to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Despite decades of research, the prognosis for NSCLC patients is poorly understood with treatment options limited. First, this article emphasises on the part that tumour microenvironment (TME) and its constituents play in lung cancer progression. This review also highlights the inflammatory (pro- or anti-) roles of different cytokines (ILs, TGF-β, and TNF-α) and chemokine (CC, CXC, C, and CX3C) families in the lung TME, provoking tumour growth and subsequent metastasis. The write-up also pinpoints recent developments in the field of chemokine biology. Additionally, it covers the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as alternate carriers of cytokines and chemokines. This allows the cytokines/chemokines to modulate the EVs for their secretion, trafficking, and aid in cancer proliferation. In the end, this review also stresses on the role of these factors as prognostic biomarkers for lung immunotherapy, apart from focusing on inflammatory actions of these chemoattractants.
Keyphrases
- small cell lung cancer
- papillary thyroid
- advanced non small cell lung cancer
- single cell
- end stage renal disease
- signaling pathway
- squamous cell
- oxidative stress
- cell therapy
- stem cells
- chronic kidney disease
- ejection fraction
- rheumatoid arthritis
- peritoneal dialysis
- epidermal growth factor receptor
- childhood cancer
- bone marrow