Scoring sleep with artificial intelligence enables quantification of sleep stage ambiguity: Hypnodensity based on multiple expert scorers and auto-scoring.

Analysis of scoring performed by multiple scorers reveals that sleep stage ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception. Probabilities of the sleep stages determined by artificial intelligence auto-scoring provide an excellent estimate of this ambiguity. Compared to consensus manual-scoring, sleep staging derived from auto-scoring is for each individual PSG non-inferior to manual-scoring meaning that auto-scoring output is ready for interpretation without the need for manual adjustment.