Long-term Outcomes of team-based learning.

We confirm increased understanding gained by using TBL, but this did not lead to better long-term retention. Improved scores on short-term testing has value for student well-being and competitiveness for residency application. TBL may still be of long-term benefit through modelling team decision making and self-directed learning that are core features of how clinical medicine is practiced. However, our findings argue against justifying the adoption of TBL on the basis of superior long-term retention.