Ion modulation engineering toward stable lithium metal anodes.

Homogeneous ion transport during Li + plating/stripping plays a significant role in the stability of Li metal anodes (LMAs) and the electrochemical performance of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Controlled ion transport with uniform Li + distribution is expected to suppress notorious Li dendrite growth while stabilizing the susceptible solid electrolyte interfacial (SEI) film and optimizing the electrochemical stability. Here, we are committed to rendering a comprehensive study of Li + transport during the Li plating/stripping process related to the interactions between the Li dendrites and SEI film. Moreover, rational ion modulation strategies based on functional separators, artificial SEI films, solid-state electrolytes and structured anodes are introduced to homogenize Li + flux and stabilize the lithium metal surface. Finally, the current issues and potential opportunities for ion transport regulation to boost the high energy density of LMBs are described.