Safety considerations for treating the parotid and submandibular glands with neuromodulators for facial slimming.
Pavel GelezheKonstantin FrankGabriela CasabonaKai O KayeSamuel KassirerNicholas MoelhoffDavid L FreytagRobert H GotkinMichael G AlfertshoferSebastian CotofanaPublished in: Journal of cosmetic dermatology (2023)
The distances between FDA-approved skin surface landmarks and the parotid and submandibular glands varied significantly depending on gender, age, and BMI. Optimal injection depth and location for neuromodulator treatments cannot be generalized based on these landmarks alone, emphasizing the need for real-time ultrasound imaging guidance.