A 3D printing-based portable photoelectrochemical sensing device using a digital multimeter.

A new enzyme-free and portable photoelectrochemical sensing method based on a homemade three-dimensional (3D) printing device was developed for accurate monitoring of a low-abundance cancer biomarker (carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, was chosen as a model analyte in this work), coupling glucose-encapsulated liposomes with a digital multimeter readout.