Autologous mesenchymal stem cell implantation, hydroxyapatite, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and internal fixation for treating critical-sized defects: a translational study.

The combination of autologous BM-MSCs, HA granules, and BMP-2 is safe and remains to be a good option for the definitive treatment for CSD with previous failed surgical attempts. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to be done.