Cancer and Exercise: Warburg Hypothesis, Tumour Metabolism and High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise.
Peter HofmannPublished in: Sports (Basel, Switzerland) (2018)
There is ample evidence that regular moderate to vigorous aerobic physical activity is related to a reduced risk for various forms of cancer to suggest a causal relationship. Exercise is associated with positive changes in fitness, body composition, and physical functioning as well as in patient-reported outcomes such as fatigue, sleep quality, or health-related quality of life. Emerging evidence indicates that exercise may also be directly linked to the control of tumour biology through direct effects on tumour-intrinsic factors. Beside a multitude of effects of exercise on the human body, one underscored effect of exercise training is to target the specific metabolism of tumour cells, namely the Warburg-type highly glycolytic metabolism. Tumour metabolism as well as the tumour⁻host interaction may be selectively influenced by single bouts as well as regularly applied exercise, dependent on exercise intensity, duration, frequency and mode. High-intensity anaerobic exercise was shown to inhibit glycolysis and some studies in animals showed that effects on tumour growth might be stronger compared with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. High-intensity exercise was shown to be safe in patients; however, it has to be applied carefully with an individualized prescription of exercise.
Keyphrases
- high intensity
- resistance training
- physical activity
- body composition
- sleep quality
- patient reported outcomes
- end stage renal disease
- chronic kidney disease
- depressive symptoms
- squamous cell carcinoma
- wastewater treatment
- ejection fraction
- body mass index
- prognostic factors
- peritoneal dialysis
- postmenopausal women
- lymph node metastasis
- heavy metals
- cell death
- sewage sludge
- patient reported