Inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and antioxidative stress levels in patients with diabetic macular edema and hyperreflective spots.
Mehmet Cem SabanerMuberra AkdoganMustafa DoğanAyse Yesim OralResat DumanTulay KocaErhan BozkurtPublished in: European journal of ophthalmology (2020)
This study demonstrates that in patients with DME and HRS, TOS and VEGF levels were higher than those without HRS. Hence, hyperreflective spots may be an inflammatory biomarker.