Understanding Glucagon Aggregation: In Silico Insights and Experimental Validation.

Peptide aggregation poses a significant challenge in biopharmaceutical development and neurodegenerative diseases. This study combines computational simulations and experimental validation to uncover the underlying mechanisms and countermeasures for the aggregation of glucagon, a peptide with a high tendency to aggregate. In silico simulations demonstrate that lactose and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HPβCD) influence glucagon aggregation differently: lactose stabilizes glucagon by increasing the α-helical content, while 2-HPβCD disrupts protein-protein interactions. According to the simulations, 2-HPβCD is particularly effective at preserving the monomeric form of glucagon. Experimental validation with microfluidic modulation spectroscopy (MMS) confirms these findings, showing that glucagon in the presence of 2-HPβCD remains structurally stable, supporting the antiaggregation effect of this excipient. This research provides essential insights into glucagon aggregation obtained through a new powerful tool for monitoring the critical properties of peptide aggregation, suggesting new strategies for addressing this challenge in therapeutic peptide development.