iATPSnFR2: A high-dynamic-range fluorescent sensor for monitoring intracellular ATP.

We developed a significantly improved genetically encoded quantitative adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensor to provide real-time dynamics of ATP levels in subcellular compartments. iATPSnFR2 is a variant of iATPSnFR1, a previously developed sensor that has circularly permuted superfolder green fluorescent protein (GFP) inserted between the ATP-binding helices of the ε -subunit of a bacterial F 0 -F 1 ATPase. Optimizing the linkers joining the two domains resulted in a ~fivefold to sixfold improvement in the dynamic range compared to the previous-generation sensor, with excellent discrimination against other analytes, and affinity variants varying from 4 µM to 500 µM. A chimeric version of this sensor fused to either the HaloTag protein or a suitable spectrally separated fluorescent protein provides an optional ratiometric readout allowing comparisons of ATP across cellular regions. Subcellular targeting the sensor to nerve terminals reveals previously uncharacterized single-synapse metabolic signatures, while targeting to the mitochondrial matrix allowed direct quantitative probing of oxidative phosphorylation dynamics.