Personalizing treatment in end-stage kidney disease: deciding between haemodiafiltration and haemodialysis based on individualized treatment effect prediction.

Although overall mortality is reduced by haemodiafiltration compared with haemodialysis in ESKD patients, the absolute survival benefit can vary greatly between individuals. Our results indicate that the effects of haemodiafiltration on survival can be predicted using a combination of readily available patient and disease characteristics, which could guide shared decision-making.