Factors associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists as hypnotics among patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid insomnia.

These clinical indicators may facilitate the selection of treatment strategies for MDD with comorbid insomnia. To avoid the long-term use of hypnotics, their dose at the start of the combined treatment needs to be adequate (≤5 mg) and alternative treatments to BZDs/Z-drugs are required for refractory insomnia.