A population-based twin study of the symptomatic diagnostic criteria for major depression that occur within versus outside of major depressive episodes.
Kenneth S KendlerSteven H AggenPublished in: Psychological medicine (2023)
Depressive criteria occurring outside depressive episodes are less heritable than those occurring within. These two ways criteria can manifest are not closely genetically related. Current depressive symptoms - most of which are occurring outside of depressive episodes - are not, for genetic studies, good proxies for MD.