Operando transmission electron microscopy of battery cycling: thickness dependent breaking of TiO 2 coating on Si/SiO 2 nanoparticles.

Conformal coating of silicon (Si) anode particles is a common strategy for improving their mechanical integrity, to mitigate battery capacity fading due to particle volume expansion, which can result in particle crumbling due to lithiation induced strain and excessive solid-electrolyte interface formation. Here, we use operando transmission electron microscopy in an open cell to show that TiO 2 coatings on Si/SiO 2 particles undergo thickness dependent rupture on battery cycling where thicker coatings crumble more readily than thinner (∼5 nm) coatings, which corroborates the difference in their capacities.