Dissipation of Four Typical Insecticides on Strawberries and Effects of Different Household Washing Methods.

The dissipation patterns of chlorfenapyr, cyenopyrafen, indoxacarb, and spirotetramat on strawberries and the effects of different household washing methods were investigated. A risk assessment was also conducted by monitoring the insecticide residues detected. The concentrations ranged from 0.011 to 0.27 mg/kg for chlorfenapyr, 0.064 to 0.99 mg/kg for cyenopyrafen, 0.042 to 0.53 mg/kg for indoxacarb, and from 0.25 to 1.3 mg/kg for spirotetramat, which were all below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) reported. Soaking the fruit in solution and then rinsing with running water (B) led to better residue removal (40.9 ± 23.7%) than only soaking in solution (A) (24.7 ± 22.5%). However, neither method decreased chlorfenapyr concentrations, suggesting that the physical-chemical properties of chlorfenapyr could also affect its removal on strawberries. Regarding the different washing solutions in method B, 3% vinegar (removal efficiency: 48.7%) and 3% salt (45.7%) were the most efficient, followed by 3% green tea (38.9%), and tap water only (24.6%). Additionally, the estimated risk quotients (RQs) for strawberry consumption for women were about 1.5 times higher than those observed for men, but both were lower than 1, suggesting minimal risk to humans.