Renal cell carcinoma: entering the age of biomarkers.

While various nucleic acid and protein biomarkers have shown promise in other malignancies, their application in renal cell carcinoma remains limited by the lack of validated predictors. This review aims to highlight the pressing need for robust predictive and prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma to guide clinicians in tailoring optimal therapeutic strategies. The discussion encompasses the limitations of existing markers and underscores the significance of the most recent advancements within the field. Despite these strides, the clinical application of renal cell carcinoma biomarkers requires further study and validation.