Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles.

LIPUS stimulation on BMSCs could significantly increase the secretion of EVs. Moreover, EVs generated from LIPUS-treated BMSCs possessed much stronger anti-inflammatory function than C-EVs. Therefore, LIPUS could be a promising non-invasive strategy to promote the production of EVs from BMSCs and augment their anti-inflammatory effects.