High-affinity recognition of specific tRNAs by an mRNA anticodon-binding groove.

T-box riboswitches are modular bacterial noncoding RNAs that sense and regulate amino acid availability through direct interactions with tRNAs. Between the 5' anticodon-binding stem I domain and the 3' amino acid sensing domains of most T-boxes lies the stem II domain of unknown structure and function. Here, we report a 2.8-Å cocrystal structure of the Nocardia farcinica ileS T-box in complex with its cognate tRNAIle. The structure reveals a perpendicularly arranged ultrashort stem I containing a K-turn and an elongated stem II bearing an S-turn. Both stems rest against a compact pseudoknot, dock via an extended ribose zipper and jointly create a binding groove specific to the anticodon of its cognate tRNA. Contrary to proposed distal contacts to the tRNA elbow region, stem II locally reinforces the codon-anticodon interactions between stem I and tRNA, achieving low-nanomolar affinity. This study illustrates how mRNA junctions can create specific binding sites for interacting RNAs of prescribed sequence and structure.