Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors.
Daniele ZunchedduElena Della BellaAndrea SchwabDalila PettaGaia RocchittaSilvia GenerelliFelix KurthAnnapaola ParrilliSophie VerrierJulietta V RauMarco FoscaMargherita MaioliPier Andrea SerraMauro AliniHeinz RedlSybille GradValentina BasoliPublished in: Bone research (2021)
Tissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.
Keyphrases
- tissue engineering
- quality control
- raman spectroscopy
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- quality improvement
- healthcare
- machine learning
- high resolution
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- peritoneal dialysis
- primary care
- deep learning
- working memory
- bone mineral density
- label free
- copy number
- gene expression
- body composition
- patient reported
- fluorescence imaging
- extracellular matrix
- climate change