Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain.
Eric RobinsonAndrew JonesPublished in: International journal of obesity (2005) (2024)
Unaccounted for confounding could plausibly explain the prospective association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. High quality observational research controlling for potential confounders and evidence from study types devoid of confounding are now needed.