Effects of maternal periconceptional undernutrition in sheep on offspring glucose-insulin axis function into adulthood.

Maternal periconceptional undernutrition (PCUN) affected fetal pancreatic maturation in late gestation lambs and impaired glucose tolerance in 10-month-old sheep. To examine the importance of the timing of maternal undernutrition around conception, a further cohort was born to PCUN ewes [undernourished for 61 d before conception (PreC), 30 d after conception (PostC), or 61 d before until 30 d after conception (PrePostC)], or normally fed ewes (Control) (n = 15-20/group). We compared glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and sensitivity at 36 months of age. We also examined protein expression of insulin signalling proteins in muscle from these animals and in muscle from a fetal cohort (132 d of gestation; n = 7-10/group). Adult PostC and PrePostC sheep had higher glucose area under the curve than Controls (P = 0.07 and P = 0.02, respectively), whereas PreC sheep were similar to Controls (P = 0.97). PostC and PrePostC had reduced first-phase insulin secretion compared with Control (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). PreC was similar to Control (P = 0.12). Skeletal muscle SLC2A4 protein expression in PostC and PrePostC was increased 19%-58% in fetuses (P = 0.004), but decreased 39%-43% in adult sheep (P = 0.003) compared with Controls. Consistent with this, protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) protein expression tended to be increased in fetal (P = 0.09) and reduced in adult (P = 0.07) offspring of all PCUN ewes compared with Controls. Maternal PCUN alters several aspects of offspring glucose homeostasis into adulthood. These findings suggest that maternal periconceptional nutrition has a lasting impact on metabolic homeostasis of the offspring.