Neural specialization for 'visual' concepts emerges in the absence of vision.

Vision provides a key source of information about many concepts, including 'living things' (e.g., tiger ) and visual events (e.g., sparkle ). According to a prominent theoretical framework, neural specialization for different conceptual categories is driven by sensory features, e.g., living things are neurally dissociable from navigable places because living things concepts depend more on visual features. We tested this framework by comparing the neural basis of 'visual' concepts across sighted (n=22) and congenitally blind (n=21) adults. Participants judged the similarity of words varying in their reliance on vision while undergoing fMRI. We compared neural responses to living things nouns (birds, mammals) and place nouns (natural, manmade). In addition, visual event verbs (e.g., 'sparkle') were compared to non-visual events (sound emission, hand motion, mouth motion). People born blind exhibited distinctive univariate and multivariate responses to living things in a temporo-parietal semantic network activated by nouns, including the dorsal precuneus (PC). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that neural selectivity for living things does not require vision. We additionally observed preserved neural signatures of 'visual' light events in the left middle temporal gyrus (LMTG). Across a wide range of semantic types, neural representations of sensory concepts develop independent of sensory experience.