Pulmonary vein dilatation in a case of total pulmonary vein occlusion: Contemporary approach using a combination of 3D-mapping system and image integration.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a known complication of PV isolation procedures for atrial fibrillation. In this report a case of recurring PV occlusion after repeated percutaneous procedures has been described. Focus is on a novel interventional technique employing a three-dimensional mapping system which enables targeting total occlusion of PVs and on the use of a drug eluting balloon. A focused review of the current literature regarding ongoing limitations of PV stenosis treatment has been provided. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.