Visualization of Electrochemically Accessible Sites in Flow-through Mode for Maximizing Available Active Area toward Superior Electrocatalytic Ammonia Oxidation.

Active chlorine species-mediated electrocatalytic oxidation is a promising strategy for ammonia removal in decentralized wastewater treatment. Flow-through electrodes (FTEs) provide an ideal platform for this strategy because of enhanced mass transport and sufficient electrochemically accessible sites. However, limited insight into spatial distribution of electrochemically accessible sites within FTEs inhibits the improvement of reactor efficiency and the reduction of FTE costs. Herein, a microfluidic-based electrochemical system is developed for the operando observation of microspatial reactions within pore channels, which reveals that reactions occur only in the surface layer of the electrode thickness. To further quantify the spatial distribution, finite element simulations demonstrate that over 75.0% of the current is accumulated in the 20.0% thickness of the electrode surface. Based on these findings, a gradient-coated method for the active layer was proposed and applied to a Ti/RuO 2 porous electrode with an optimized pore diameter of ∼25 μm, whose electrochemically accessible surface area was 381.7 times that of the planar electrode while alleviating bubble entrapment. The optimized reactor enables complete ammonia removal with an energy consumption of 60.4 kWh kg -1 N, which was 24.2% and 39.9% less than those with pore diameters of ∼3 μm and ∼90 μm, respectively.