Self-Assembled MXene Supported on Carbonization-Free Wood for a Symmetrical All-Wood Eco-Supercapacitor.

As an emerging two-dimensional (2D) material, MXene has garnered significant interest in advanced energy storage systems, yet the stackable structure, poor mechanical stability, and lack of moldability limit its large-scale applications. To address this challenge, herein, the self-assembly of MXene on carbonization-free wood was obtained to serve as high-performance electrodes for symmetrical all-wood eco-supercapacitors by a steam-driven self-assembly method. This method can be implemented in a low-temperature environment, significantly simplifying traditional high-temperature annealing processes and generating minimal impact on the environment, human health, and resource consumption. The environmentally friendly steam-driven self-assembly strategy can be further extended into various wood-based electrodes, regardless of the types and structures of wood. As a typical platform electrode, the optimized MXene@delignified balsa wood (MDBW) achieves high areal capacitance and specific capacitance values of 2.99 F cm -2 and 580.55 F g -1 at an extensive mass loading of 5.16 mg cm -2 , respectively, with almost loss-free capacitance after 10,000 cycles at 50 mA cm -2 . In addition, an all-solid-state symmetrical all-wood eco-supercapacitor was further assembled based on MDBW-20 as both positive and negative electrodes to achieve a high energy density of 19.22 μWh cm -2 at a power density of 0.58 mW cm -2 . This work provides an effective strategy to optimize wood-based electrodes for the practical application of biomass eco-supercapacitors.