Enabling Future Closed-loop Recycling of Spent Lithium-ion Batteries: Direct Cathode Regeneration.

The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries presents serious waste management challenges and environmental hazards for recyclers after scrap. Closed-loop recycling contributes to the sustainable development of batteries and plays an important role in mitigating raw material shortages and supply chain risks. Herein, we outline and evaluate current direct cathode regeneration methods for industrialized recycling. Different regeneration methods for spent cathode materials are summarized, which provide a new perspective for realizing closed-loop recycling of lithium-ion batteries. A reference recycling route for retrofitting existing cathode production lines is proposed and minimizes the costs. In addition to promoting the industrialization of direct cathode recycling, the environmental, economic, and political benefits of battery recycling are also highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.