Nanosensing of Acetylcholine Molecules: Influence of the Association Mechanism.

A bullet-shaped nanopore surface modified by two polyelectrolyte (PE) layers, an inner polyethyleneimine (PEI) layer and an outer p-sulfonatocalix[4]-arene (SCX4) layer, is applied to sense trace levels of acetylcholine (Ach) molecules. We show that the higher the order of the association reaction of Ach with SCX4, the smaller the difference between the ionic current when Ach is present and that when it is absent, and so is the difference in the space charge density. In addition, the larger the binding constant K of that reaction, the lower the detection limit but narrower the detection range. Choosing pH 7 is most appropriate because if the pH is low, the concentration polarization of H + is significant, and as it gets high, both PE layers become uncharged. At pH 7 and K = 2 × 10 7 L/mol, the detection limit of the nanopore ranges from 1 to 10 nM, which is orders of magnitude lower than that of the other approaches.