Dual Photoredox Ni/Benzophenone Catalysis: A Study of the Ni II Precatalyst Photoreduction Step.

The combination of Ni II X 2 salts with a bipyridine-type ligand and aromatic carbonyl-based chromophores has emerged as a benchmark precatalytic system to efficiently conduct cross-couplings mediated by light. Mechanistic studies have led to two scenarios in which Ni 0 is proposed as the catalytic species. Nonetheless, in none of these studies has a Ni II to Ni 0 photoreduction been evidenced. By exploiting UV-visible, nuclear magnetic resonance, resonance Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance, and dynamic light scattering spectroscopies and also transmission electron microscopy, we report that, when photolyzed by UVA in alcohols, the structurally defined [Ni II 2 (μ-OH 2 )(dtbbpy) 2 (BPCO 2 ) 4 ] complex 1 integrating a benzophenone chromophore is reduced into a diamagnetic Ni I dimer of the general formula [Ni I 2 (dtbbpy) 2 (BPCO 2 ) 2 ]. In marked contrast, in THF, photolysis led to the fast formation of Ni 0 , which accumulates in the form of metallic ultrathin Ni nanosheets characterized by a mean size of ∼100 nm and a surface plasmon resonance at 505 nm. Finally, it is shown that 1 combined with UVA irradiation catalyzes cross-couplings, that is, C(sp 3 )-H arylation of THF and O-arylation of methanol. These results are discussed in light of the mechanisms proposed for these cross-couplings with a focus on the oxidation state of the catalytic species.