Exosome-based drug delivery systems and their therapeutic applications.

In the past few decades, scientists have actively worked on developing effective drug delivery systems (DDSs) as means to control life-threatening diseases and challenging illnesses. In order to develop such DDSs, nanobiotechnological strategies have been introduced, and many nanomaterial-based DDS platforms have been proposed. Among these nanomaterials, DDSs based on exosomes and hybrids of exosomes have been focused upon and developed due to their low toxicity, high bioactivity, and biocompatibility. In this review, we describe the processes involved in drug loading into exosomes and the surface modification of exosomes with treatment agents. Furthermore, we describe the synthesis methods of hybrid exosomes with organic or inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, we focus on the effective therapeutic applications of exosome-based DDSs against various diseases. In conclusion, we show that exosomes and hybrids of exosomes show excellent drug carrier potential and capacity.