The genome of Vitis zhejiang-adstricta strengthens the protection and utilization of the endangered ancient grape endemic to China.

Vitis zhejiang-adstricta (V. zhejiang-adstricta) is one of the most important and endangered wild grapes. It is a national key protected wild rare and endangered ancient grape endemic to China, and used as a candidate materials of resistance breeding owing to its excellent significant disease resistance. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome level assembly of V. zhejiang-adstricta (IB-VB-01) comprises 506.66 Mb assembled into 19 pseudochromosomes. The contig N50 length is 3.91 Mb, and with 31,196 annotated protein-coding genes. Comparative genome and evolutionary analysis illustrated that V. zhejiang-adstricta has a specific position in the evolution of East Asian Vitis, and shared a common ancestor with Vitis vinifera, during the divergence of the two species about 10.42 (among 9.34-11.12) Mya. The expanded gene families compared with those in plants were related to disease resistance, and constrcted gene families were related to plant growth and primary metabolism. With the analysis of expansion and contraction gene family, the evolution of environmental adaptability and special NBS-LRR gene family of V. zhejiang-adstricta were elucidated on ground of the pathways of resistance genes (R genes), the unique genes, and the structural variations (SVs). The near-complete and accurate diploid V. zhejiang-adstricta reference genome obtained herein serves as an important complement to wild grape genome, and will provide valuable genomic resources for investigating the genomic architecture of V. zhejiang-adstricta as well as for improving disease resistance breeding strategies in grape.