Perioperative management of anticoagulation.

Periprocedural management of the anticoagulated patient can be as easy as continuing warfarin for a low bleeding risk procedure, holding a direct oral anticoagulant for 1 day prior and resuming 1 day later or as complex as emergent reversal with prothrombin complex concentrate, idarucizumab, or andexanet alfa. Patient-specific factors for thromboembolic risk and procedural bleeding risk determine timing of anticoagulation hold prior to and resumption after invasive procedures. Clinical trials and management studies in recent years have helped inform our approach to these patients, but much of the guidance is still based on expert consensus.