Physical organogenesis of the gut.
Nicolas R ChevalierPublished in: Development (Cambridge, England) (2022)
The gut has been a central subject of organogenesis since Caspar Friedrich Wolff's seminal 1769 work 'De Formatione Intestinorum'. Today, we are moving from a purely genetic understanding of cell specification to a model in which genetics codes for layers of physical-mechanical and electrical properties that drive organogenesis such that organ function and morphogenesis are deeply intertwined. This Review provides an up-to-date survey of the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanical forces acting on the embryonic vertebrate gut during development and of their role in all aspects of intestinal morphogenesis: enteric nervous system formation, epithelium structuring, muscle orientation and differentiation, anisotropic growth and the development of myogenic and neurogenic motility. I outline numerous implications of this biomechanical perspective in the etiology and treatment of pathologies, such as short bowel syndrome, dysmotility, interstitial cells of Cajal-related disorders and Hirschsprung disease.
Keyphrases
- physical activity
- skeletal muscle
- induced apoptosis
- mental health
- finite element
- spinal cord injury
- single cell
- cell therapy
- cell cycle arrest
- biofilm formation
- genome wide
- stem cells
- oxidative stress
- cell proliferation
- signaling pathway
- case report
- cell death
- gene expression
- escherichia coli
- copy number
- bone marrow
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- candida albicans