Hybridization in the Subtribe Alopecurinae Dumort. (Poaceae) According to Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis: Different Ploidy Level Tells Different Origin of the Groups.

We performed next-generation sequencing of the 18S rDNA-ITS1-5.8S rDNA region along with traditional Sanger sequencing of rbc L, mat K, ndh F, and ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 to clarify the hybridization pattern in the subtribe Alopecurinae and in the genus Alopecurus in particular. Our data support the hybrid origin of Alopecurus × brachystylus from hybridization between A. geniculatus (sect. Alopecurium ) and A. pratensis (sect. Alopecurus ). Moreover, in the rDNA of hybrid A. × brachystylus , only A. aequalis -like ribotypes from tetraploid A. geniculatus participated. Surprisingly, we found the traces of introgression of A. arundinaceus -like ribotypes not only in hybrid A. × marssonii ( A. geniculatus × A. arundinaceus ) but in A. aequalis s. str. as well. A high-polyploid group from the section Alopecurus , A . aggr. alpinus has undoubted hybrid origin: e. g., A. brachystachyus has rDNA from the sect. Alopecurium . Alopecurus alpinus , with its allies, is clearly distinct from other members of the sect. Alopecurus (especially by maternal line) and thus we can re-establish a previous opinion about the separate group to which A. alpinus belongs. Species from the section Colobachne (presumably Alpine grasses from Ancient Mediterranean region) probably hybridized with the A. alpinus group. Even A. myosuroides (sect. Pseudophalaris ) that could be referred to the separate genus has ribotypes common with the species of the section Alopecurium ( A. aequalis , A. geniculatus ) in one of the accessions. Additionally, we found that the possible polyphyletic origin of the genus Limnas . Limnas stelleri is very close to Alopecurus magellanicus according to NGS data, while L. malyschevii is more or less distinct from other studied species of the genus Alopecurus .