The forest, the cicadas and the holey fluxes: Periodical cicada impacts on soil respiration depends on tree mycorrhizal type.

The emergence of billions of periodical cicadas affects plant and animal communities profoundly, yet little is known about cicada impacts on soil carbon fluxes. We investigated the effects of Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii and M. septendeculain) on soil CO 2 fluxes (R S ) in three Indiana forests. We hypothesized R S would be sensitive to emergence hole density, with the greatest effects occurring in soils with the lowest ambient fluxes. In support of our hypothesis, R S increased with increasing hole density and greater effects were observed near AM-associating trees (which expressed lower ambient fluxes) than near EcM-associating trees. Additionally, R S from emergence holes increased the temperature sensitivity (Q 10 ) of R S by 13%, elevating the Q 10 of ecosystem respiration. Brood X cicadas increased annual R S by ca. 2.5%, translating to an additional 717 Gg of CO 2 across forested areas. As such, periodical cicadas can have substantial effects on soil processes and biogeochemistry.