Pollution levels and health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals of size-segregated particulate matter in rural residential areas of high lung cancer incidence in Fuyuan, China.
Kai XiaoQingyue WangSenlin LuYichun LinChristian Ebere EnyohTanzin ChowdhuryMominul Haque RabinMd Rezwanul IslamYue GuoWeiqian WangPublished in: Environmental geochemistry and health (2022)
The highest incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer in rural area of Fuyuan has been a research hotspot, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Therefore, atmospheric particulate matters (APMs) samples were collected between 18 February and 01 March 2017, exploring water-soluble potentially toxic metals (WSPTMs) and water-soluble inorganic ionic species (WSIIs) levels, size distribution, sources, acidity and alkalinity, and potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, hoping to provide scientific basic data to solve this problem. In our study, the average ratio of nitrate ion (NO 3 - )/sulfate ion (SO 4 2- ) within PM 1.1 , PM 1.1-2.0 , PM 2.0-3.3 , PM 3.3-7.0 , and PM >7.0 were 0.22, 0.18, 0.15, 0.34 and 0.36, respectively, that revealed that combustion sources contributed to PM were more significant. The anions in equilibrium (ANE) / cations in equilibrium (CAE) < 1 for all samples within PM 1.1 , PM 2.0-3.3 , PM 3.3-7.0 indicate that the APMs were alkaline, but PM 1.1-2.0 particulate matter shows weak acidity. SO 4 2- prefers to combine with NH 4 + to form (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , which hinders the formation of NH 4 NO 3 , the remaining SO 4 2- and NO 3 - to neutralize the K + , KNO 3 was formed at all particulate, however, K 2 SO 4 can only be formed in PM <3.3 . Arsenic (As) and Selenium (Se) were identified as the most enriched WSPTMs in all PM sizes, predominantly from anthropogenic emissions, were suggested that coal combustion is a significant source of PM-bound WSPTMs. Total WSPTMs exhibited high total carcinogenic risks (TCR) values (9.98 × 10 -6 , 1.06 × 10 -5 , and 1.19 × 10 -5 for girls, boys and adults, respectively) in the smaller particles (< 1.1 μm). Se was considered as the major contributor (63.60%) to carcinogenic risk (CR) in PM 2.0 and had an inverse relationship with PM size that should be of prime concern.
Keyphrases
- particulate matter
- air pollution
- water soluble
- heavy metals
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- health risk assessment
- drinking water
- south africa
- machine learning
- ionic liquid
- risk factors
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- human health
- coronary artery disease
- molecular dynamics
- room temperature
- single cell
- immune response
- nitric oxide
- deep learning
- electronic health record