Reduced Glyphosate Movement and Mutation of the EPSPS Gene (Pro106Ser) Endow Resistance in Conyza canadensis Harvested in Mexico.

Glyphosate has been the most widely used herbicide for decades providing a unique tool, alone or in mixtures, to control weeds on citrus in Veracruz. Conyza canadensis has developed glyphosate resistance for the first time in Mexico. The level and mechanisms of resistance of four resistant populations Rs (R1, R2, R3, and R4) were studied and compared with that of a susceptible population ( S ). Resistance factor levels showed two moderately resistant populations (R2 and R3) and two highly resistant populations (R1 and R4). Glyphosate translocation through leaves to roots was ∼2.8 times higher in the S population than in the four R populations. A mutation (Pro106Ser) in the EPSPS 2 gene was identified in the R1 and R4 populations. Mutation in the target site associated with reduced translocation is involved in increased glyphosate resistance in the R1 and R4 populations; whereas for the R2 and R3 populations, it was only mediated by reduced translocation. This is the first study of glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis from Mexico in which the resistance mechanisms involved are described in detail and control alternatives are proposed.