Cognitive outcomes after fetal exposure to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate or levetiracetam monotherapy: Data from the EURAP neurocognitive extension protocol.

Consistent with previous reports, our results provide evidence for an adverse effect of prenatal exposure to valproate on verbal development. Our finding of relatively weaker performance of VPA-exposed children compared to other ASM exposures in both comprehension of instructions and face memory also suggest that children of mothers treated with VPA are at increased risk for compromised memory functions or altered processing of socially relevant information.