Molecularly Targeted Lanthanide Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostic Applications.
Guillermina Ferro-FloresAlejandra Ancira-CortezBlanca Ocampo-GarciaLaura Melendez-AlafortPublished in: Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
Injectable colloidal solutions of lanthanide oxides (nanoparticles between 10 and 100 nm in size) have demonstrated high biocompatibility and no toxicity when the nanoparticulate units are functionalized with specific biomolecules that molecularly target various proteins in the tumor microenvironment. Among the proteins successfully targeted by functionalized lanthanide nanoparticles are folic receptors, fibroblast activation protein (FAP), gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and integrins associated with tumor neovasculature. Lutetium, samarium, europium, holmium, and terbium, either as lanthanide oxide nanoparticles or as nanoparticles doped with lanthanide ions, have demonstrated their theranostic potential through their ability to generate molecular images by magnetic resonance, nuclear, optical, or computed tomography imaging. Likewise, photodynamic therapy, targeted radiotherapy (neutron-activated nanoparticles), drug delivery guidance, and image-guided tumor therapy are some examples of their potential therapeutic applications. This review provides an overview of cancer theranostics based on lanthanide nanoparticles coated with specific peptides, ligands, and proteins targeting the tumor microenvironment.
Keyphrases
- photodynamic therapy
- single molecule
- metal organic framework
- cancer therapy
- magnetic resonance
- computed tomography
- drug delivery
- quantum dots
- energy transfer
- papillary thyroid
- prostate cancer
- high resolution
- walled carbon nanotubes
- squamous cell carcinoma
- early stage
- oxide nanoparticles
- stem cells
- deep learning
- mesenchymal stem cells
- small molecule
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- risk assessment
- optical coherence tomography
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell therapy
- mass spectrometry
- human health
- bone marrow
- smoking cessation
- rectal cancer
- liquid chromatography
- visible light
- replacement therapy