Efficient estimation of disease odds ratios for follow-up genetic association studies.

In the past decade, genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of susceptible variants associated with complex human diseases and traits. Conducting follow-up genetic association studies has become a standard approach to validate the findings of genome-wide association studies. One problem of high interest in genetic association studies is to accurately estimate the strength of the association, which is often quantified by odds ratios in case-control studies. However, estimating the association directly by follow-up studies is inefficient since this approach ignores information from the genome-wide association studies. In this article, an estimator called GFcom, which integrates information from genome-wide association studies and follow-up studies, is proposed. The estimator includes both the point estimate and corresponding confidence interval. GFcom is more efficient than competing estimators regarding MSE and the length of confidence intervals. The superiority of GFcom is particularly evident when the genome-wide association study suffers from severe selection bias. Comprehensive simulation studies and applications to three real follow-up studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimator. An R package, "GFcom", implementing our method is publicly available at https://github.com/JiyuanHu/GFcom .