Quantifying physiological and biomechanical responses of shallow water walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
André Ivaniski-MelloMarcela Zimmermann CasalRochelle Rocha CostaCristine Lima AlbertonFlávia Gomes MartinezAlberito Rodrigo de CarvalhoPublished in: Research in sports medicine (Print) (2022)
Detecting the physiological and biomechanical alterations in shallow water walking (SWW) due to water depth and speed is important for health professionals to perform accurate exercise prescription. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to investigate the acute physiological and biomechanical responses of SWW at different immersion depths in comparison to dry land walking. The main result (initial search: 1960 studies; systematic review: 42 studies; meta-analysis: 22 studies) indicated that metabolic power was higher in the immersion depth levels of xiphoid process (standardized mean differences (SMD) = 0.90; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.26 to 1.54) and waist (SMD = 3.35; 95% CI: -0.18 to 6.87) in comparison to dry land. SWW at xiphoid and waist depths seems to be an adequate exercise if the objective is to increase the energy expenditure and cardiovascular demand while the lower limb impact forces are reduced in comparison to dry land walking. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018113040.
Keyphrases
- lower limb
- systematic review
- case control
- meta analyses
- climate change
- body mass index
- high intensity
- physical activity
- optical coherence tomography
- liver failure
- finite element
- resistance training
- high resolution
- respiratory failure
- body composition
- drug induced
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- aortic dissection
- acute respiratory distress syndrome