Exploring the gateway hypothesis of e-cigarettes and tobacco: a prospective replication study among adolescents in the Netherlands and Flanders.
Thomas F MartinelliMath J J M CandelHein de VriesReinskje TalhoutVera KnapenConstant P van SchayckGera E NagelhoutPublished in: Tobacco control (2021)
Our study replicated the positive relation between e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in both directions for adolescents. This may mean that the gateway works in two directions, that e-cigarette and tobacco use share common risk factors, or that both mechanisms apply.