BMP-2-immobilized PCL 3D printing scaffold with a leaf-stacked structure as a physically and biologically activated bone graft.

Although three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques are used to mimic macro- and micro-structures as well as multi-structural human tissues in tissue engineering, efficient target tissue regeneration requires bioactive 3D printing scaffolds. In this study, we developed a bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-immobilized polycaprolactone (PCL) 3D printing scaffold with leaf-stacked structure (LSS) ( 3D-PLSS-BMP ) as a bioactive patient-tailored bone graft. The unique LSS was introduced on the strand surface of the scaffold via heating/cooling in tetraglycol without significant deterioration in physical properties. The BMP-2 adsorbed on 3D-PLSS-BMP was continuously released from LSS over a period of 32 d. The LSS can be a microtopographical cue for improved focal cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. In vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies demonstrated the biological (bioactive BMP-2) and physical (microrough structure) mechanisms of 3D-PLSS-BMP for accelerated bone regeneration. Thus, bioactive molecule-immobilized 3D printing scaffold with LSS represents a promising physically and biologically activated bone graft as well as an advanced tool for widespread application in clinical and research fields.