Hydrogen-Bonds-Mediated Nanomedicine: Design, Synthesis, and Applications.

Among the various challenges in medicine, diagnosis, complete cure, and healing of cancers remain difficult given the heterogeneity and complexity of such a disease. Differing from conventional platforms with often unsatisfactory theranostic capabilities, the contribution of supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), to cancer nanotheranostics opens new perspectives for the design of biomedical materials, exhibiting remarkable properties and easier processability. Thanks to their dynamic characteristics, a feature generally observed for noncovalent interactions, H-bonding (macro)molecules can be used as supramolecular motifs for yielding drug- and diagnostic carriers that possess attractive features, arising from the combination of assembled nanoplatforms and the responsiveness of H-bonds. Thus, H-bonded nanomedicine provides a rich toolbox that is useful to fulfill biomedical needs with unique advantages in early-stage diagnosis and therapy, demonstrating the promising potential in clinical translations and applications. Here the design and synthetic routes toward H-bonded nanomedicines, focus on the growing understanding of the structure-function relationship for efficient cancer treatment are summarized. A guidance for designing new H-bonded intelligent theranostic agents is proposed, to inspire more successful explorations of cancer nanotheranostics and finally to promote potential clinical translations.