Quantitative Description of Bubble Formation in Response to Electrolyte Engineering.

The green hydrogen economy is expected to play a crucial role in carbon neutrality, but industrial-scale water electrolysis requires improvements in efficiency, operation costs, and capital costs before broad deployment. Electrolysis operates at a high current density and involves the substantial formation of gaseous products from the electrode surfaces to the electrolyte, which may lead to additional resistance and a resulting loss of efficiency. A detailed clarification of the bubble departure phenomena against the electrode surface and the surrounding electrolytes is needed to further control bubbles in a water electrolyzer. This study clarifies how electrolyte properties affect the measured bubble detachment sizes from the comparisons with analytical expressions and dynamic simulations. Bubble behavior in various electrolyte solutions and operating conditions was described using various physical parameters. A quantitative relationship was then established to connect electrolyte properties and bubble departure diameters, which can help regulate the bubble management through electrolyte engineering.