Comparison of Doppler Ultrasound and Clinical Features of Patients With and Without Femoral Hernia in Lower Extremity Venous Insufficiency Patients.

In this study, we aim to evaluate Doppler ultrasound (US) and clinical features of patients with and without femoral hernia (FH) in lower extremity chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) patients.We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data of 1364 limbs with the CVI suspected. Femoral hernia was detected in 32 of the limbs, and the control group was formed with 32 limbs without FH. All limbs were evaluated with Valsalva maneuver and augmentation method to detect venous reflux in FH group. Venous reflux rates in the Doppler US, venous clinical severity scores (VCSSs), and clinical classes of Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology classification were compared statistically in both groups.The mean VCSS was 3.87 ± 0.74 in the FH group and 2.68 ± 0.65 in the control group, which was statistically significant ( P = 0.04). In the more severe clinical classes of Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (C4-6), the number of limbs in the FH group was higher than in the control group (8 and 4, respectively). Doppler US examinations showed venous reflux in 22 of 32 limbs in the FH group and 19 of 32 patients in the control group, and there was a statistically significant difference ( P = 0.029). In the FH group, reflux could be shown only by augmentation method in the vast majority of limbs (16 of 22, 73%).In conclusion, VCSS and reflux rates are higher in limbs with CVI accompanied by FH. In addition, FH may cause false negative results in the evaluation of CVI. The use of augmentation method in limbs with FH can help avoid false negatives.